Distributed Node Location in Clustered Multi-hop Wireless Networks. Distributed Node Location in Clustered Multi-hop Wireless Networks
نویسندگان
چکیده
Ad hoc routing protocols proposed in the MANET working group are all flat routing protocols and are thus not suitable for large scale or very dense networks because of bandwidth and processing overheads they generate. A common solution to this scalability problem is to gather terminals into clusters and then to apply a hierarchical routing, which means, in most of the literature, using a proactive routing protocol inside the clusters and a reactive one between the clusters. We previously introduced a cluster organization to allow a hierarchical routing and scalability, which have shown very good properties. Nevertheless, it provides a constant number of clusters when the intensity of nodes increases. Therefore we apply a reactive routing protocol inside the clusters and a proactive routing protocol between the clusters. In this way, each cluster has O(1) routes to maintain toward other ones. When applying such a routing policy, a node u also needs to locate its correspondent v in order to pro-actively route toward the cluster owning v. In this paper, we propose a localization scheme, based on Distributed Hashed Tables and Interval Routing which takes advantage of the underlying clustering structure. It only requires O(1) memory space size on each node. Key-words: localization, DHT, ad hoc, sensors, wireless, self-organization, clusters, scalability, interval routing in ria -0 00 70 29 5, v er si on 1 19 M ay 2 00 6 Localisation distribuée des noeuds dans les réseaux sans fils auto-organisés. Résumé : Les protocoles de routage proposés pour les réseaux Ad hoc par le groupe de travail MANET ne sont que des protocoles "à plat", sans hiérarchie. Ils ne sont par conséquent pas adaptés à des environnements plus larges ou plus denses du fait des ressources mémoire et radio (bande passante) qu’ils sollicitent. Une solution pour permettre le passage à l’échelle de tels réseeaux est d’introduire un routage hiérarchique en groupant les stations sans fils en clusters. Cela permet ensuite d’appliquer différentes politiques de routage à plus petite échelle entre clusters et dans un cluster. Nous avons précédement introduit un algorithme de clustering [19] qui présente d’intéressantes propriétés et qui s’est révélé plus efficaces sur différents aspects que les protocoles existants. Dans la plupart des cas rencontrés dans la littérature, un routage hiérarchique implique un routage proactif dans les clusters et un routage réactif entre les clusters. Cependant, du fait des caractéristiques de notre algorithme de clustering, nous proposons ici l’approche inverse, c.a.d un routage réactif dans les clusters et proactif entre clusters. Nous avons un nombre de clusters faible et constant quel que soit le nombre de nœuds dans le réseau donc, de cette façon, chaque nœud n’aura que O(1) routes à maintenir vers les autres clusters. En partant de là, un nœud a maintenant besoin de savoir à quel cluster appartient son correspondant. Pour cela, nous proposons de tirer avantage de la structure sous-jascente en arbres de nos clusters pour appliquer un algorithme de localisation basé sur des tables de hâchage distribuées (DHT) et un routage par intervalle qui ne nécessite que O(1) taille mémoire sur chaque nœud. Mots-clés : localisation, DHT, ad hoc, senseurs, auto-organisation, clusters, passage à l’échelle, routage par intervalle in ria -0 00 70 29 5, v er si on 1 19 M ay 2 00 6 Localization in MWN. 3
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